Em-Dash Overuse

How frequently models overuse em-dashes in creative writing

Measures models' overuse of em-dashes (— and --) in creative writing. A response is flagged if it contains any em-dash.

  • Per Sentence — average em-dash count per sentence
  • Per Response — average count per response
  • Per 100 Words — frequency normalized by response length

50 prompts across short stories, LinkedIn posts, paragraph rewrites, blog intros, product descriptions, and other creative writing tasks.

Model Per Sentence Per Response Per 100 Words
DeepSeek V3.20.0922.140.594
Llama 3.3 70B0.0000.000.000
GPT-OSS 20B0.1402.000.770
GPT-OSS 120B0.1764.000.884
Kimi-K2.50.1813.401.064
GLM-4.70.0501.300.298
GPT-5.40.0951.160.561
Claude Sonnet 4.60.1703.721.003
GLM-50.0544.760.404

Last updated 12 March 2026 at 02:28